All About History - What If, Czasopisma, ebook, pdf

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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
//-->What if…10 amazingalternatehistoriesHitler hadinvaded Britain?Soviets had wonthe Space Race?Napoleon had wonat Waterloo?CONTENTSHistory is an endlessly fascinating topic, but oneaspect of it that really grabs me is alternativehistory, that small question with endlesspossibilities: What if? So much of the world couldbe totally changed if pivotal events had gone adifferent way – here you can enjoy ten histories wehaven’t lived, but could easily have done so…Andrew BrownEditor04The Soviets had wonthe Space Race?We could now have a man-made base on Mars…What if…28Lenin’s revolutionhadn’t succeeded?How different would theworld be?1208Napoleon hadtriumphed at theBattle of Waterloo?32JFK hadn’t beenassassinated?Would the French emperorhave gone on to rule the worldafter that victory?Would the president still berevered around the world?12The American slavestates had won theCivil War?The US goes down a verydifferent path…36Germany had wonWorld War I?The world balance of powerwould have shifted16The BritishGunpowder Plot hadbeen successful?How blowing up King James Iwould have changed history40The Cubanmissile crisis hadescalated?It could have been the end ofthe world as we know it084020Prohibition hadn’tbeen repealed in1933?A world where America haddecided to stay dry…24The AmericanRevolution hadfailed?Rule Britannia rather than theglorious Stars and StripesBe part of history2www.historyanswers.co.uk/AllAboutHistory@AboutHistoryMag04322836203The Soviets hadwon the space race?THE SPACE RACE SOVIET UNION VS THE USA,1957 1969Written by Jonathan O’CallaghanWhat if...DR CHRISTOPHER RILEYDr Riley is awriter andfilmmaker whospecialises inscience, space,engineeringand history. He has workedon numerous documentariesincludingIn The Shadow OfThe Moon, First OrbitandNeilArmstrong – First Man On TheMoon.You can follow him onTwitter @alifeofriley.What if the Soviets had won the space race?I think they would have perhaps established some kind ofpermanent lunar base in the way they colonised Earth orbit[in the Seventies and Eighties]. It might have been that theycontinued to run with a presence on the Moon instead ofjust sort of going there for a few days and coming back andthen never returning, as essentially what has happened now.However, you’ve got to imprint upon the effect that the breakup of the Soviet Union had on the space programme. Thatreally caused a massive underinvestment, which might haveultimately led to any lunar base being abandoned – and we’dbe back where we are today.Did the successful launch of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik1 in 1957, the first man-made satellite in space, inspireAmerica to reach for the Moon?Oh yes, undoubtedly. The ‘Sputnik effect’, as it’s called,was a significant player in ensuring that Apollo succeeded.President Eisenhower commissioned the Saturn V rocket andhe boosted brainpower by investing in universities. I thinkApollo made America smarter for that period – and the legacyof that was, of course, not just to win the Moon race butthe spin-offs that happened. Not least the micro-computingprocessing revolution and ultimately the Internet, of which theearly DARPA [Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]structures were the forerunner, as they were all wrapped up inthe Cold War investments the government had made. We’vegot our modern society to be thankful for because of thatinitiative, that ‘Sputnik effect’. We’re still living off that. It wasprofound, what Eisenhower did.When was the moment that the United States took thelead in the space race?The Zonds [Soviet spacecraft] were racing around the Moonunmanned in 1968, so I think you have to point to Apollo 8 [inDecember 1968], which was this very audacious and perhapseven somewhat reckless mission to pull off. Apollo 8 waspreviously just an Earth orbit mission, but they instead wentstraight [around] the Moon on the first Saturn V launch, whichwas a very, very brave thing to do. Ultimately that bravery,that gamble that they somehow managed to pull off, was theturning point without a doubt.Was there any other major turning point that happenedduring the space race?The N1 disaster [the Soviet Moon rocket that failed five times]was obviously a colossal setback. But it wasn’t just aboutbooster technology; the Russians easily matched the SaturnV, they were ahead in booster lift for many years. But theclincher was the computing power, that is where the Russianswere really falling short.How far behind were the Russians in terms of theircomputing power?While the Russians might have been able to orbit the Moon, itwas a far cry from landing on it. The thing that really clinchedthe success of Apollo, in no uncertain terms, was theircomputing power. The fact that NASA had invested significantamounts of money in the manufacturing of integrated circuitsin order to create the micro-computers that were light andsmall enough to be able to fly on these [Apollo] spacecraft, andmake these precise landings on the Moon. The Russians, as faras I’m aware, didn’t really have that sort of micro-processingcapability in those days. Their systems probably wouldn’t haveallowed them to really make a successful landing. It wasn’timpossible, but it was quite unlikely.Did the Soviets realise this?I think they were just sort of gambling on the judgementof their pilots and hoping they could pull it off without thiscomputing power. The Russian approach to spaceflight inthe Sixties, both robotic and human, was a little bit of fingersfirmly crossed behind your back as they launched. Everybodyneeded an element of luck; luck goes hand in hand with skill4‘‘They would have perhapsestablished some kind ofpermanent lunar base”With better computer power theSoviets could have won the spacerace and put a man on the moon5 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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Cytat

Dobry przykład - połowa kazania. Adalberg
I ty, Brutusie, przeciwko mnie?! (Et tu, Brute, contra me?! ) Cezar (Caius Iulius Caesar, ok. 101 - 44 p. n. e)
Do polowania na pchły i męża nie trzeba mieć karty myśliwskiej. Zygmunt Fijas
W ciepłym klimacie najłatwiej wyrastają zimni dranie.
Gdybym tylko wiedział, powinienem był zostać zegarmistrzem. - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) komentując swoją rolę w skonstruowaniu bomby atomowej

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