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//-->History’sGreatestBattlesVOL. IHow the battles at Waterloo, Marathon,Agincourt and many more were wonCONTENTSFrom the earliest days of mankind battles havebeen used to settle conflicts and as a tool by thosewith dreams and ambitions of conquering theworld. They were often horribly gruesome forthose involved, but played pivotal roles in history.Here we take a close look at eight epic battles,examining just how they were won and lost.04Andrew BrownEditor04WaterlooGreatest Battles18ZamaTwo military greats, Hannibaland Scipio, meet on thebattlefield in a contest betweentwo tactical titansGet the inside story on theepic showdown betweenNapoleon and Wellington08MarathonThis bloody conflict saw thefledgling democracies ofGreece take on the mightyPersian forces20AgincourtDiscover Henry V’s greatestmoment and a decisive victoryin the Hundred Years’ War12ArsufJoin Richard the Lionheart andhis Templar knights for oneof the Third Crusade’s mostdecisive battles24Gaugamela14BoyacáAlexander the Great wasone of the finest militarycommanders to ever walk theearth and Gaugamela was oneof his crushing victoriesIn 1819 an epic battle woulddecide whether Columbiagained independence from theSpanish monarchy or not…28HastingsFind out just how the 1066battle that defined a nation’sfuture was won and lost1408Be part of history2www.historyanswers.co.uk/AllAboutHistory@AboutHistoryMag2824123Greatest BattlesNAPOLEON’S BODYGUARDProtecting Napoleon during thebattle were his Old Guard – eliteveterans of the Imperial Guard thathe handpicked based on their combatexperience. One of the most commontraits was above average height,meaning that they towered over manyother units on the battlefield.BATTLE OFWATERLOOWATERLOO, BELGIUM18 JUNE 1815The bloody culmination of the WaterlooCampaign, the Battle of Waterloo was oneof the most explosive of the 19th century,with a British-led allied army under thecommand of Arthur Wellesley, the Dukeof Wellington, defeating a French army under thecommand of Napoleon Bonaparte and ending thelatter’s 100-day reign as emperor of France.The war had begun after Napoleon I returnedfrom exile on Elba (an island off Tuscany) to Parison 20 March 1815. This set into motion a chainof events that would see Napoleon reclaim hisposition as emperor, the Congress of Vienna declarehim an outlaw and the Seventh Coalition pledge tofield a large army to bring his rule to an end.With hundreds of thousands of soldiers draftedto take Napoleon down, it was only a matterof time before blood was spilt – somethingthat occurred two days prior to Waterloo whenNapoleon struck at the Prussian army before itcould join up with Wellington’s on 16 June.The French ruler did this by splitting his armyinto three groups, with two dedicated to thePrussians. The following exchange was the Battleof Ligny and saw Napoleon defeat the Prussiansby causing their centre to collapse under repeatedFrench assaults. While the Prussians lost men, theywere not routed however and – as we shall see –were disastrously left to retreat uninterrupted, withonly a cursory French force giving chase.On the same day as the Battle of Ligny,Napoleon’s army’s remaining left flank had beenengaged with some of Wellington’s forces at QuatreBras, where they had attempted unsuccessfullyto overrun the Prince of Orange’s position. Withthe Prussians apparently defeated, Napoleonturned his attention on Quatre Bras, reaching thearea the following day. By this point, however,Quatre Bras had been abandoned by both sides;Wellington could not hold it without the Prussians.After catching up with his left flank commander,Marshal Michel Ney, who was pursuing a retreatingWellington towards Waterloo, Napoleon orderedhis right flank commander, Marshal Emmanuel deGrouchy, to see off the Prussians more definitively.By this time, with Napoleon issuing the orderlate on the afternoon of 17 June, the Prussians hadalready made significant ground and regrouped atthe town of Wavre – a position from which theycould easily rejoin Wellington at Waterloo – andMarshal Grouchy was unsuccessful in catchingthem. Despite eventually defeating a solitaryPrussian Corps at Wavre on 18 June, by this timethe Battle of Waterloo was in full swing andGrouchy was unable to take part.After Napoleon had issued the order to MarshalGrouchy he continued to hunt down Wellingtonwith his remaining forces before making campsouth-west of Wellington’s position at Waterloo. Thescene was now set for the Battle of Waterloo thenext day (18 June), which, as we all know, resultedin a famous victory for the Duke of Wellington anda final defeat for Emperor Napoleon.As a consequence of Napoleon’s loss at Waterloo,the French monarchy was restored, with KingLouis XVIII regaining the throne on 8 July 1815,while the emperor himself was banished to thevolcanic island of Saint Helena in the AtlanticOcean. Napoleon would live on Saint Helena for afurther six years, before passing away in May 1821.4SCOTS GREYSThe charge of the Royal Scots Greys at Waterloobecame symbolic of the courage demonstratedby Coalition forces in the face of the mightof Napoleon’s army. Their charge famouslyrepelled a key French advance, caused thecomplete destruction of a large French infantrycolumn and led to the capture of Napoleon’s45th Regiment of the Line’s eagle standard.SEVENTH COALITIONWhile the primary antagonists of theBattle of Waterloo were the UK andFrance, a host of other nations playeda part, joining with the British to forma coalition against the new emperor ofFrance. These included the Netherlands,Hanover, Nassau, Bavaria and Prussia –the latter contributing most significantly.Greatest BattlesHEAVY LOSSESWhile Waterloo was not a medieval meat-grinder of a battle, with tactics very firmlyon display, it still had a huge casualtylist. Of Napoleon’s 72,000 troops, around25,000 were killed outright or wounded,8,000 were taken prisoner and 15,000 wentmissing. The total for Wellington and hisallies’ soldiers killed, wounded or missingcame to around 24,000.5
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Dobry przykład - połowa kazania. Adalberg
I ty, Brutusie, przeciwko mnie?! (Et tu, Brute, contra me?! ) Cezar (Caius Iulius Caesar, ok. 101 - 44 p. n. e)
Do polowania na pchły i męża nie trzeba mieć karty myśliwskiej. Zygmunt Fijas
W ciepłym klimacie najłatwiej wyrastają zimni dranie.
Gdybym tylko wiedział, powinienem był zostać zegarmistrzem. - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) komentując swoją rolę w skonstruowaniu bomby atomowej
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