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Alien Ocean
Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas
STEFAN HELMREICH
University of California Press
BERKELEY
LOS ANGELES
LONDON
Contents
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List of Illustrations
VII
University of California Press, one of the most distinguished univer-
sity presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by
advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural
sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and
by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For
more information, visit www.ucpress,edu.
Moorings
IX
Acknowledgments
XIII
INTRODUCTION: LIFE AT SEA
1
1-
THE MESSAGE FROM THE MUD: MAKING MEANING
OUT OF MICROBES IN MONTEREY BAY
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
)1
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
2.
DISSOLVING THE TREE OF LIFE: ALIEN KINSHIP
AT HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
68
© 2009 by The Regents of the University of California
}.
BLUE-GREEN CAPITALISM: MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN HAWAI'I
106
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
4·
ALIEN SPECIES, NATIVE POLITICS: MIXING UP NATURE
AND CULTURE IN OCEAN O'AHU
Helmreich, Stefan
Alien ocean: anthropological voyages in microbial seas
I
Stefan
Helmreich.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN
978-0-520-25061-1 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN
978-0-520-25062-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1.
Marine microbiology-Research.
145
5·
ABDUCTING THE ATLANTIC: HOW THE OCEAN GOT
ITS GENOME
17
1
6.
SUBMARINE CYBORGS: TRANSDUCTIVE ETHNOGRAPHY
AT THE SEAFLOOR, JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE
212
2. Marine biologists.
3.
Human ecology.
I.
Title.
7·
EXTRATERRESTRIAL SEAS: ASTROBIOLOGY AND THE
NATURE OF ALIEN LIFE
QR106. H45 2008
578.
77-dC22
Manufactured in the United States of America
18
25
0
200802°955
Notes
28
5
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
09
Bibliography
)29
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of
ANSI/NISO
z39.48-1992
(R
1997)
(Permanence of Paper).
Index
)65
---------------;
\i
Illustrations
1.
DeLong's PowerPointing Vitruvian Man
3
2.
Chisholm's marine biological sea change
8
}. Front page,
Salinas Californian,
June
12,
:1998
:lO
4·
ROV
Ventana,
launching
34
5·
The
Point Lobos
destination, March 7,
200}
3
8
6.
Oceanic sublime meets mathematical, media sublime
43
7·
VICKI frame grab of
Ventana's
vantage point as the ROV
arm grasps a tubeworm
45
8.
Ed DeLong, looking through a dish of cloned colonies
56
9·
Hydrothermal vent system
70
:10.
Darwin's diagram of divergence of taxa, :1859
77
:1:1.
Three domains of life
79
12.
"Current consensus or standard model" of the "universal
tree of life"
83
:1}.
"Reticulated tree, or net, which might more appropriately
represent life's history"
84
:14·
"Synthesis of Life"
90
:15· Fenical in
Discover
11.1
16.
MarBEC logo
1.17
:17· CMMED logo
1.19
18.
Cyanobacteria collection
12
3
19·
West Coast Ballast Outreach flyer
14
6
VII
/
Illustrations
VIII
Moorings
20. Logo for Waikiki alien algae cleanup event
21. Venter on
Wired
22. Students on deck gathering water samples from
the CTD-rosette
2}. Microscope image of microbes from Bermuda Atlantic
Time-Series study site
24. The author at sea, squeezing Sargasso viruses into cryovials
25. Playing God in the Galapagos
26. Envisioned NEPTUNE network and sensors
27. World Exclusive Economic Zones
28. Ovoid forms inside Martian meteorite ALH84001
29. Photomosaic of regions on the surface of Jupiter's
moon Europa
174
180
199
The ocean is strange. For those of us settled in down-to-earth common
sense and facts-on-the-ground science, the ocean symbolizes the wildest
kind of nature there is.
It
represents a contrast to the cultivated land and
even, sometimes, to the solid order of culture itself. Although many
peopl~
have tried to capture this sea-whalers, painters, poets, politicians-marine
biologists have offered some of the most authoritative accounts of the
ocean and the life it sustains, particularly for publics compelled and capti-
vated by the explanatory stories of science.
Marine biologists' visions of the ocean are today in transformation.
These scientists are learning to see the sea not only as the home medium
for marine mammals, fishes, and seaweeds but also as a realm inhabited,
maintained, and modulated by an extraordinary mix of microbes, many of
which live at astonishing extremes of light, temperature, pressure, and
chemistry. Using molecular biological techniques, gene sequencing, bioin-
formatics, and remote sensing, marine biologists are coming to view the
ocean as a web of microbial life joining the sunniest surface waters to the
dimmest depths of the sea floor. Novel configurations of technology and
theory are leading them to conceptualize the ocean as a site in which the
object of biology-life-materializes as a networked phenomenon linking
the microscopic to the macrocosmic, bacteria to the biosphere, genes to
globe. Microbes are key figures in this new scientific ocean, pointers to the
origin of life, climate change, and promising biotechnologies.
This book offers an anthropological account of how one cluster of
marine biologists, marine microbiologists, are making such microbes
meaningful-to themselves, to other scientists, and to broader publics.
It
examines how marine microbes are becoming items of interest and contest
among such varied players as environmentalists, biotech entrepreneurs,
IX
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I·
···:··.·
Moorings
/
XI
I.
Moorings
x
life, helpful monitors of climate control, raw material for new life-saving
drugs, and, on the other, beings always erasing the trace of their own origins,
entities indifferent and adaptable to human ecological disaster, vehicles of
seaborne disease. New knowledge in marine microbiology reproduces,
reinforces, but also reconfigures such double visions of the ocean. The con-
stantly shifting quality of such images, I argue, reflects a concern and
unease about the future of the ocean and humanity's relation to it. At stake
for marine microbiologists is the question of how they and their publics
should imagine links between the natural life forms they study and the
cultural forms of life-scientific, environmental, economic, religious-
within which those organisms might become meaningful.
The dual ocean of such marine biology is haunted by the figure of the
alien-a sign of uncertainty about what the sea can tell us about life on
Earth and the place of humans in this realm. The alien inhabits perceptions
of the sea as a domain inaccessible to direct, unmediated human encounter.
The alien appears in descriptions of the lifestyles of deep-sea, heat-loving,
methane-eating microbes. The alien informs discussions of "alien genes"
traveling across gene-exchanging marine microbial lineages. Marine
biotechnology's dream of genetically engineering microbes into commer-
cial products is predicated on the alienability of the properties of living
things. The alien materializes in worries about aquatic invasive species. The
alien disturbs the vision of scientists studying marine viruses floating in
the open sea. The alien lies beneath contests over who owns the microbial
diversity existing outside national territory, in the high seas. And the alien
takes center stage in astrobiological studies of extreme marine microbes as
analogs for life on alien worlds, like the planet Mars and Jupiter's icy moon
Europa.
Allied with the alien, the marine microbe stands today for the strange-
ness of the sea. Neither fully self nor other, the marine microbe is an alien
whose purposes we do not know-a stranger who may be friend or foe,
who may offer the unexpected commtinion of kinship or the irreversible
rescripting of life as we know it. The alien is a channel for exchange
between the oceanic and the human, a transfer point between an alter-
nately embracing and enigmatic ocean and us. I use the phrase
alien ocean
both to diagnose a scientific, social, and cultural imagination about the sea
I observed in my anthropological studies and to suggest the limits of rep-
resenting this sea, for both oceanographers and social scientists. After all,
the alien, as countless science fiction films have instructed us, is often a
fugitive trace, a constellation of uncertain evidence in motion.
indigenous peoples, maritime nation-states, the United Nations, and even
scientists searching for life on other planets. At issue are scientific narra-
tives about life's beginnings, the empirical foundations of ecological senti-
ment, the shape of globalmarket economies, and the very definition of life
itself. The marine microbiologists featured in this book hope their knowl-
edge can be used to craft ethically compelling portraits of the sea, pictures
to encourage responsible stewardship of the ocean; indeed, some are begin-
ning to call their field
microbial oceanography
to argue that their enter-
prise offers a new mapping of the sea itself. These scientists want their
descriptions to awaken people to their ecological connectedness to the
ocean while also demanding that we recognize and respect the sea as an
entity apart. The ocean, they believe, and I agree, will have a say in whether
humanity survives in its current form.
Anthropologists study how beliefs and practices come into being and
shape people's experience of the world. I consider the ocean a natural as
well as a cultural object-a material thing that becomes meaningful only
through perception, belief, and action. Tracking how marine microbes are
squeezed into scientific and social significance requires understanding how
marine microbiologists engage their subjects of study through field and
laboratory techniques; esoteric and everyday languages; academic, regula-
tory, economic, and legal structures; and historically particular conceptions
of nature as at once within and beyond the grasp of rational representation.
In this book, I report on several years of ethnographic research among
marine biologists in the United States, from Massachusetts to the Hawaiian
Islands-work I conducted aboard boats both surface and submarine, in
labs, at conferences, in the virtual territories of cyberspace, and in such
quotidian places as classrooms and movie theaters. I offer not merely an
analytic description-though there is plenty of that-but an interpretation
of contemporary microbial oceanography. That is, this text is anchored in
both the social sciences and the humanities, that interdisciplinary zone that
cultural anthropology has inhabited since its inception.
I have discerned two parallel visions of the ocean organizing accounts of
the sea delivered by marine biologists. On the one hand, they see the ocean
as intimately connected to the human world, providing the ecological con-
text within which we and other living things originated and persist.
Alternatively, the ocean exists for them as an ultimate other, an entity with
a force and logic that might endlessly overwhelm or wash away our attempts
to represent or control it fully. I argue that this oscillation between the ocean
as familiar and strange, as us and not us, shapes the way marine biologists
apprehend marine microbes-as, on the one side, potential ancestors of all
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Dobry przykład - połowa kazania. Adalberg
I ty, Brutusie, przeciwko mnie?! (Et tu, Brute, contra me?! ) Cezar (Caius Iulius Caesar, ok. 101 - 44 p. n. e)
Do polowania na pchły i męża nie trzeba mieć karty myśliwskiej. Zygmunt Fijas
W ciepłym klimacie najłatwiej wyrastają zimni dranie.
Gdybym tylko wiedział, powinienem był zostać zegarmistrzem. - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) komentując swoją rolę w skonstruowaniu bomby atomowej
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